La început a fost TCP/IP-ul, acesta a avut o evoluţie fantastică: a apărut în primele reţele din anii ’70 şi până în zilele noastre a reuşit să cucerească toată planeta. Interesant este că suita de protocoale TCP/IP a EVOLUAT, mereu s-au adus îmbunătăţiri la el fără să i se întrerupă prezenţa în reţele şi, poate mai important, fără să i se blocheze evoluţia. Încă de la început, TCP/IP-ul a fost şi a rămas protocol deschis, guvernat de organizaţii de standardizare independente ca IETF sau W3C. Oricine putea să aducă îmbunătăţiri. Bineînţeles că aceste organizaţii se ocupă de multe alte standarde fără de care internetul de azi nu ar mai fi la fel. Există unele lucruri însă, fără de care internetul nu ar exista. TCP/IP-ul este unul din ele.

B-to-B marketing has several variants as well as approaches to combat competition. The way business marketing is conducted, its various manifestations are discussed in the chapter to equip the students with skills, knowledge and gives a practical exposure on the subject. Marketing discipline in the twenty-first century focusses on the customer, instead of manufacturing, which was the companies’ major strengths in the last century, at least in its first half. Competition has given the buyers several options for making purchases. Customer satisfaction has become the driving force for the companies. With opening up of markets and economy India has opened its doors to foreign players in practically every field of human activity and business. Companies that can innovate products and service, maintain their quality and remain customer oriented are more likely to succeed than others. It is the cutting edge of technology, new distribution patterns, latest communication techniques that would govern the fortunes of the companies. Industrial sellers have to understand clearly the customers needs and only then can they organize a perfect fit for the same using their products, as it is or its modified version, provided the demand of the modified product is sufficient to justify the effort of the modification. Product demand and demand projections are of vital importance in product decisions.